INVITATION

Invitation tell about how to invite or ask someone to come a long or to program or activity

    There are two types of invitation

~ Formal Invitation
     Formal Invitation is usually oroginate from institutes, companies and kind of it. Normally forman invitation is written Invitation

~ Informal Invitation
     Informal Invitation is a personal invitation given to a friend, Family, etc. Informal invitation can be written Invitation and verbal Invitation

    How to invite :
•    Shall we ... ?
•    I would like you to ...
    How to accept :
•    All right !
•    I will come
    How to refuse
•    I can't for now because ...
•    I'm kraid ... I can't
    EXAMPLE :

Andy : " Hi, Putri ... can I study with you today?"
Putri  : " Hi, Andy ... I'm really sorry ... I can't I have a problem to finishing to day"
Andy : " Oh I see ... it's okay ... Maybe some times"
Putri  : " But, I'm really sorry. Thanks your kindness to me ..."
Andy : " your welcome"

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PERFECT TENSE

Present Perfect Tense is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been secluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.

Rumusnya Present Perfect Tense:

(+) Subject + have/has + V3

(-) Subject + have/sas Not + V3

(?) Have/has + subject + V3

Example:

(+) She has gone (Dia baru saja pergi)
(-) She has not gone
(?) Has She gone?

Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to express an action or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

Rumusnya Past Perfect Tense:

(+) Subject + had+verb III+cmplement
(-) Subject + had not+ver III+complement
(?) Had + subject +verb III+complement


Example :
(+) We had eaten before they came
(-) They had not eaten before we came
(?) Had they eaten before we came?

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PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES

Prepositional phrases are groups of words that have a preposition and an object of the preposition. The whole phrase will always act as either an adjective or an adverb.

A preposition will always start the phrase, and an object of the preposition will always end it. An object of the preposition is a noun or pronoun that follows the preposition.

preposition + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

preposition + modifier(s) + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

- Here are some examples:

At home

At=preposition; home=noun

In time

In = preposition; time = noun.

             From Richie   

 From = preposition; Richie = noun.

- Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:

From my grandmother

From = preposition; my = modifier; grandmother = noun.

Under the warm blanket

Under = preposition; the, warm = modifiers; blanket = noun.

A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?

Read these examples:

The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam.
Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!

The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with mold.
Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten in the vegetable bin!

As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?

Freddy is stiff from yesterday's long football practice.
How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice!

Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
When did Josh do his begging? Before class!

Preposition List

A

aboard, about, above, across, after, against, ahead of, along, amid, 

amidst, among, around, as, as far as, as of, aside from, at, athwart, atop

B

barring, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, 

between, beyond, but, by, by means of

C

circa, concerning

D

despite, down, during

E

except, except for, excluding

F

far from, following, for, from

I

in, in accordance with, in addition to, in case of, in front of, in lieu of, 

in place of, in spite of, including, inside, instead of, into

L

like

M

minus

N

near, next to

O

of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, on top of, onto, opposite, out, 

out of, outside, over

P

past, plus, prior to

R

regarding, regardless of

S

save, since

T

than, through, till, to, toward, towards

U

under, underneath, unlike, until, up, upon

V

versus, via

W

with, with regard to, within, without

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APPOINTMEN

     Appointmen tell about agree ment for meeting it is good to make an appointmen before you  met or people

     Making an appointmen :

• Can I come and see you?
• I'll be there
• I want to make an apponitment to see

     Accepting an appointment :

• Be there on time
• It's a deal
• I'll wait for you

     Canceling an appointment :

• I'm sorry...... I'm very busy
• I'm terrible sorry...... I have to put off my appointmen

Changing an appointmen :

• Do you have another time this morning
• Well, I must be off now...... I'll talk to later
• What about...... (Tuesday at 03.00 p.m)

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HAPPINESS EXPRESSIONS

Happiness expression is an expression that is used to say that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

What is happiness?

►It’s important to first understand that is term “happiness” refers to the emotion, mood and state of happiness, however happiness researchers generally study the move enduring “state”.

►Expressing happiness is used to expression happiness feeling when we are successful to do something.

What would you say to express your happiness?

  -          I’m happy . . .

  -          I’m (very) pleasure / (really) delighted (about) . . .

  -          I can’t say how pleased / delighted I am about it.

  -          I am so glad to hear that.

  -          Great!

  -          Terrific!

  -          Fantastic!

  -          I’m glad now.

Example of happiness expression :

Mr. Punk         : Congratulations, Ayu! You’re the first winner and you get one million rupiah!

Ayu                 : Am I? Thank you very much.

Mr. Punk         : How do you feel, Ayu?

Ayu                 : It’s really give me great pleasure! I’m so happy!

I’m very happy, because how I can get together with my old friends. Oh, how I miss them.  I see that their appearances have not changed. Wima, the Winner Of  The Piano Competition, is playing us romantic music.

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GAINING ATTENTION

Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

We may use the expression likes :

·         Attention, please!

·         May / can I have your attention, please!

·         Excuse me, look here!

·         Look me!

·         Listen to me, please!

·         Waiter?

·         I’m sorry, but…

·         Wow really?

·         Guess what!

·         I hope you can attention me!

·         Silent, please!

·         Be quite!

·         Don’t be noisy!

If we want to responding that gaining attention, we can use the expressions likes:

-          I’m listening!

-          I’m ready to hear now!

-          Let’s hear together!

-          Oh sure, I’m look at you now!

-          Okay, I’m listening to you!

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SYMPATHY EXPRESSIONS

Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone?

We express it directly to him / her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, newspaper if he / she who got the trouble is far from us.

This is some expressions of sympathy :

v  I’m sorry to hear that

v  I’m awfully sorry about…

v  Oh’ awful!

v  Oh, dear!

v  Oh, what a shame.

v  How pity you are!

v  I’m sorry for what happened.

v  Look! This is not the end of the world.

v  Oh, no!

v  I know how it feels.

v  How terrible / awful for you.

Example of dialogue that expression sympathy in a certain situation ;

Aisy     : Hi Ayu, will you join us to the beach?

Ayu     : I’d love to, but my parents don’t let me go.

Aisy     : That’s a pity you are. But it’s O.K. You can join us another time.

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ANNOUNCEMENTS

   Annoucement is something said, written or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what

will happen.

In writing an annoucement, keep the following points :

    < Title/Type of event>

    < Date/Time,place>

    <contact person>

EXAMPLE :

School Trip to Depok Beach

                                  On 30th of january, our school will hold a school trip to Depok Beach

                             Time                 : at 07:30 am

                             Programs          : Volly ball, lunch near the beach, and playing water games

                             Free                 : Rp 45.000,00

                             Contact Person : Bunga and Matthew X3

                                                                                                                     Thanks

              

                                                                                                          Taecher

                

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RECOUNT TEXT

Recount text is a text that is used to retell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.

Social Function : To retell past event for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

GENERIC STRUCTURE 

v  ORIENTATION

It’s about who was involved, what happened, where this event took place and when it happened.

v  EVENT (S)

It’s about what happened in chronological order.

v  RE-ORIENTATION

The conclusion of the experience.

  SIGNIFICANT GRAMMAR FEATURES

ü    Focuses on individual participants.

ü    Use of material process.

ü    Circumstances of theme and places.

ü    Use of the past tense.

  LANGUAGE FEATURES

Ø  Use of past tenses

(Ex: went, spent, played)

Ø  Use of time conjunctions

(Ex: and, but, after, then)

Ø  Use of adverbs of time in the past

(Ex: yesterday, last week, two days ago)

Ø  Use of personal pronoun

(Ex: I, we)

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NARRATIVE TEXT

A narrative text is a piece of writing that tells in from of fairy, tale, legend, fable, science, fiction, and myths.

Function:

a.       To entertain the readers.

b.      To teach or inform.

c.       To change social opinion.

GENERIC STRUCTURE

A narrative text can have as many paragraphs as the writers want. However, it mainly consists of three parts: Orientation, Sequence of Events / Complications, and Resolution.

-          ORIENTATION

This part presents the settings of the story and introduce the characters involved.

-          COMPLICATION

The story continues here. Usually, there is an event or a sequence of events that lead the characters into the a complication (some form of conflict that disrupts the normal event).

Tension stars to buildup to a climax, and this draw anticipation in the readers.

-          RESOLUTION

The problem stars to get resolved. Sometimes the story ends happily or vice versa, and at other times the resolution (the ending of the story) is left for the readers to decide.

Features:

·         Characters with define personalities / identities

·         Dialogue often include-tense may change to the present or the future.

·         Descriptive language to create images in the reader’s mind and enhance the story.

  Temporal Conjuction of Narrative Text:

o     Once upon a time

o     A long time ago

o     One day

  Examples of Narrative Text:

ü    Short stories

ü    Folklore

ü    Legend

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PROCEDURE TEXT

Procedure text is a piece of text that gives us instruction for doing something.

The purpose of procedure text type is to explain how something can be done.

 The Characteristic of Procedure Text:

v  Using the simple present tense. Usually in imperative sentences.

v  Using relative pronoun temporal, likes first, second, then, next, finally

v  Using action verb, likes turn on, stir, and cook.

The Structure of Procedure Text:

Ø  An introductory statement that gives the aim or goal.

Ø  A list of materials that will be needed for completing the procedure.

Ø  A sequence of steps in the order they need to be done.

The language features usually found in a procedure text:

a)      The use of technical language.

b)      Sentences that begin with verbs and are stated as commands.

c)      The use of time words or numbers that tell the order for doing the procedure.

d)     The use of adverbs to tell how the action should be done.

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PAST TENSE

We use simple past tense to talk about  an action that happened in the past. We also use it to tell a story.

The time of signals that indicate such happenings are yesterday, this morning, just now, a few minutes ago, . . . ago (long, long time ago), and last . . .(last Monday, last week, etc).

Pattern:

~ Using be      : S + was/were + V₁ + Complement

~ Using verbs : S + V_past + Complement

The function of the simple past tense:

1.   To express that an action started and finished at the specific time in the past.

2.   To describe a habit which stopped in the past. To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as : always, often, usually, never, when, etc.

3.   To describe past fact6 or generalizations which are no longer true. Example: Grandpa didn’t like coffee before.

Kind of Past Tense:

~ Past Progressive Tense / Past Continous Tense.

~ Past Perfect Tense.

~ Past Perfect Progressive Tense.

Example of Simple Past Tense:

(+) The diligent boy studied last night.

(-) The diligent boy did not study last night.

(?) Did the diligent boy study last night.

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